模型设计

model design 

设计是模型制作的基础，设计部门根据客户提供的、数据、样板等资料开展设计方案，按照材质结构、工件排位等要求使用电脑工程制图软件进行设计。

Design is the foundation of model making. The design department develops design plans based on customer provided data, samples, and other materials. They use computer engineering drawing software to design according to material structure, workpiece positioning, and other requirements.

设计可不仅仅只是画图这么简单

Design is not just about drawing

模型在设计时就要考虑后续工艺、运输、组装、安装甚展示的问题，根据机身、机翼、平尾和垂尾、起落架等进行分解，包括内部龙骨的排列布局和安装结构件，在电脑上完成拆分后对模型进行组装调整和改进设计，以此保证后期阶段的顺利执行。

When designing a model, it is necessary to consider issues related to subsequent processes, transportation, assembly, installation, and even display. The model should be decomposed based on the fuselage, wings, flat and vertical tails, landing gear, etc., including the arrangement and layout of internal keels and installation of structural components. After the disassembly is completed on the computer, the model should be assembled, adjusted, and improved to ensure smooth execution in the later stage.

亮相珠海航展的歼31模型

The J-31 model made its debut at the Zhuhai Airshow

以多次参展的1:2歼31模型为例，当时的设计方案便是将飞机模型分为八个部分，分别制作再组装成型。

Taking the 1:2 J-31 model, which has been exhibited multiple times, as an example, the design plan at that time was to divide the aircraft model into eight parts, make them separately, and then assemble them into shape.

设计一般只针对外形进行设计，根据客户需求，有些需要进行内饰解剖。特尔博为商飞承制的C919、C929和ARJ等客机模型都属于此例。

Design generally only focuses on the exterior, and some require interior dissection based on customer needs. The C919, C929, and ARJ aircraft models manufactured by Terbo for COMAC belong to this example.

数控加工

CNC machining

设计建模后，模具部根据模型机身主体、机翼、座舱盖等分别进行数控加工，一般选用木质材料并将其作为阳模或其他方式开模具的样板。

After designing and modeling, the mold department performs CNC machining on the main body of the model, wings, cockpit covers, etc. Generally, wooden materials are selected and used as templates for male molds or other mold making methods.

起源于航空工业需要的数控技术，能够保证质量稳定，精度准确，适应飞行器的要求，用在仿真模型制造行业，则能够保证数据精准，高度还原。

Originating from the CNC technology required by the aviation industry, it can ensure stable quality, accurate accuracy, and meet the requirements of aircraft. When used in the simulation model manufacturing industry, it can ensure accurate data and high degree of restoration.

但有些厂家为节省时间和成本，在木模制作完成后直接敷设玻璃钢复合材料，进入外形壳体阶段，这样制作的产品会大大降低模型的外形精准度和光洁度。

But some manufacturers, in order to save time and cost, directly lay fiberglass composite materials after the wooden mold is made, and enter the outer shell stage. This will greatly reduce the accuracy and smoothness of the model's appearance.

拼装修正

Assembly correction

数控加工后的各个部件进行打磨和拼装检查，以保证木模外形准确，制作好的木模（通常称为“模种”）喷上底灰，供客户确认外形和功能结构，再综合各方意见对模具进行修正，直到客户满意，才能投入下一环节。

After CNC machining, various components are polished and assembled for inspection to ensure the accurate shape of the wooden mold. The finished wooden mold (usually referred to as the "mold type") is sprayed with bottom ash for customer confirmation of the shape and functional structure. The mold is then modified based on opinions from all parties until the customer is satisfied before being put into the next stage.

阴模制作

Yin mold production

制作过程中，如模型体积较大，需要利用分块方式进行工程分模，分别对机身主体、机翼、垂尾等进行制作，按照受力需要进行钢筋加固等操作。

During the production process, if the model has a large volume, it is necessary to use a block method for engineering mold division. The main body of the aircraft, wings, vertical tails, etc. should be made separately, and steel reinforcement and other operations should be carried out according to the force requirements.

外壳成形

Shell forming

根据模型的受力分析和载荷等计算，选用高强度、抗腐蚀的玻璃纤维材料进行合理方向铺设，确保后产品不开裂。

Based on the force analysis and load calculation of the model, high-strength and corrosion-resistant fiberglass materials are selected for reasonable direction laying to ensure that the subsequent product does not crack.

有边缘敷设，粘接配方经过高低温测试，一般按照客户需求和实际情况在内部铺设3—6层玻璃钢纤维，以保证产品的硬度和强度。但一些厂家为降低成本，在此环节采用编制材料，这样制作的模型无法经过高低温检测，更无法保证产品的。

There is a patent for edge laying, and the adhesive formula has undergone high and low temperature testing. Generally, 3-6 layers of fiberglass are laid inside according to customer needs and actual situations to ensure the hardness and strength of the product. But some manufacturers, in order to reduce costs, use weaving materials at this stage, so the models produced cannot undergo high and low temperature testing, let alone ensure the safety of the products.

组装打磨

Assembly and polishing

组装

assemble

模型部件完成后，通过对机身主体进行骨架校准来确定平衡位置，以便安装支撑点，此时用支架托起机身，分别组装机翼、平尾和垂尾、座舱、起落架等部件，与机身对接，并调整接缝。

After the completion of the model components, the balance position is determined by calibrating the skeleton of the main body of the fuselage for installation of support points. At this time, the fuselage is supported by brackets, and components such as wings, flat and vertical tails, cockpit, and landing gear are assembled separately, docked with the fuselage, and the joints are adjusted.

在模型生产中，接口缝隙不可避免，但根据标准要求，缝隙要考虑大小适中、均匀、对称等问题，符合既美观又便于安装、拆卸的要求。

In model production, interface gaps are inevitable, but according to standard requirements, gaps should consider issues such as moderate size, uniformity, symmetry, etc., in order to meet the requirements of both aesthetics and ease of installation and disassembly.

一般而言，高精度模型的缝隙标准要达到1~4m模型≦±1.5mm，1米以下≦±1mm，4m以上模型≦±3mm。

Generally speaking, the gap standard for high-precision models should reach 1-4m, ≤ ± 1.5mm for models below 1m, ≤ ± 1mm for models above 4m, and ≤ ± 3mm for models above 4m.

打磨

Polishing

通过特殊工具对模型进行整体打磨、修正等细节完善，有些零部件较为繁琐，前前后后需要历经多道工序。

By using special tools to polish and correct the model as a whole, the details are improved. Some components are relatively cumbersome and require multiple processes from beginning to end.

涂装上色

Painting and coloring

喷漆

Painting

通过色卡进行调色配色，确保与色卡无明显色差后（吻合率达98%以上），先整体喷涂一层面漆，而后进行封边，再喷涂其他颜色，为避免影响模型美观，杜续手补油漆。

By using a color chart for color matching, ensure that there is no significant color difference with the color chart (with a matching rate of over 98%), first spray a layer of topcoat as a whole, then seal the edges, and then spray other colors. To avoid affecting the appearance of the model and prevent subsequent manual painting.

漆料的选择也是一道学问，不仅要符合的要求，考虑到一些露天展览的需要，应选择防水防晒油漆，并经过高温烤漆和静电喷涂的工序，来保证模型光泽鲜亮。

The selection of paint materials is also a discipline. It should not only meet the requirements of environmental protection and non-toxic, but also take into account the needs of some outdoor exhibitions. Waterproof and sunscreen paint should be selected, and high-temperature baking and electrostatic spraying processes should be carried out to ensure that the model has a permanent and bright luster.

水纸

Water paper

水纸粘贴要求也很，不仅要笔直、无翘边翘角，对称部位水纸要做到对称，图案无误，位置误差应小于1—2毫米。

The requirements for water paper pasting are also very professional. Not only should it be straight, without any curled edges or corners, but the symmetrical parts of the water paper should be symmetrical, the pattern should be correct, and the position error should be less than 1-2 millimeters.

成品检验

Finished product inspection

根据客户需求和公司内部制定的大模型标准，从材料到表面光洁度，按照展览精品、普通科普等多种标准，对模型功能进行逐一检测，每个功能经过20-50次以上连续测试，若无故障才视为通过。

According to customer needs and internal company standards for large models, from materials to surface smoothness, various standards such as exhibition boutiques and general science popularization are used to test the functions of the models one by one. Each function undergoes continuous testing for 20-50 times or more, and is considered to have passed if there are no faults.

光洁度检测

Smoothness testing

对模型进行检验测试，以目测为主，辅以强光多角度检查，高精品展览模型的要求是在1000瓦强光照射下无波浪纹，普通科普模型要求是在500瓦强光照射下无波浪纹。

Conduct inspection and testing on the model, with visual inspection as the main method, supplemented by multi angle inspection under strong light. The requirement for high-quality exhibition models is to have no wave marks under 1000 watts of strong light irradiation, while the requirement for ordinary science popularization models is to have no wave marks under 500 watts of strong light irradiation.

平整度检测

evenness inspection 

保证产品表面无空洞气泡、无收缩变形，检测以硬质器物如铁棒，敲打产品表面棱角处，整体表面用平板尺检测，误差应≦0.5mm，不能出现凹痕、波浪、螺钉帽痕，针眼大小的砂眼等。

Ensure that the surface of the product is free of voids, bubbles, and shrinkage deformation. Use hard objects such as iron bars to tap the edges and corners of the product surface, and use a flat ruler to test the overall surface. The error should be ≤ 0.5mm, and there should be no dents, waves, screw cap marks, needle hole sized sand holes, etc.

包装出货

Packaging and shipping

经过前面工序精心制作出来的模型，在经过产品检测后，需安置在专门的运输箱内，针对每款模型定制木板进行卡位固定，在木板与模型交界处包裹泡沫纸等材料，防止模型在运输途中损坏。

The models carefully made in the previous process need to be placed in a special transport box after product testing. Customized boards for each model need to be clamped, and foam paper and other materials are wrapped at the junction of the board and the model to prevent the model from being damaged during transportation.

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